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Scientific advice has become essential in many policy areas today. While the process and institutions of scientific advice are discussed globally, interest in this topic has grown in Japan, too, after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. This book gives an overall picture of scientific advice and key issues relevant to it. Part I analyzes the structure and processes of scientific advice in conceptual and actual settings, and introduces global trends of scientific advice. Part II examines mechanisms of scientific advice in such policy areas as food safety, drug approval, earthquake prediction, and global warming, and compares their virtues as well as problems. Finally, this book explores future directions for scientific advice as the foundation for the twenty-first century society, which is characterized by ever more complexities and uncertainties.